Efectividad de la hipnosis en cantidad y calidad del sueño en pacientes con depresión post-COVID / Effectiveness of hypnotherapy on sleep quality and quantity in patients with post-COVID depression

Introducción: Se conocen diversos tratamientos para tratar y curar la depresión. Entre los más utilizados se encuentran la psicoterapia y la medicación. La hipnosis clínica utiliza un discurso basado en la sugestión y en los reflejos condicionados del sueño, para lograr la estabilidad en la desregulación del ciclo sueño / vigilia, lo cual es un factor esencial en el tratamiento de las personas deprimidas por la COVID-19. Objetivo: Comparar la evolución en la calidad y cantidad de sueño en pacientes con depresión post-COVID que fueron tratados con medicación e hipnosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio explicativo-comparativo, y un diseño cuasi-experimental. La muestra fue de 40 pacientes que fueron ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico «Cmdte. Manuel Fajardo Rivero», de Santa Clara, entre enero y marzo de 2021, con COVID-19. En un grupo de pacientes se empleó el inventario de depresión de Beck y un cuestionario para evaluar la cantidad y calidad del sueño antes y después de la intervención con medicación; en el otro grupo se empleó la hipnosis. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: En ambos grupos la terapia empleada fue efectiva, redujo los niveles de depresión y eliminó las alteraciones del sueño. Conclusiones: Ambas formas de tratamiento se pueden emplear para tratar la depresión y los desórdenes propios del sueño. El método sugestivo de despertar de sueño hipnótico a sueño natural fue tan efectivo como los psicofármacos empleados.

Introduction: various treatments are known to treat and cure depression. Psychotherapy and medication are among the most used. Clinical hypnosis uses a discourse based on suggestions and conditioned sleep reflexes to achieve stability in sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, which is an essential factor in the treatment of people depressed by COVID-19. Objective: to compare the evolution in sleep quality and quantity in patients with post-COVID depression who were treated with medication and hypnotherapy. Methods: an explanatory comparative study with a quasi-experimental design was carried out. The sample consisted of 40 patients who were admitted due to COVID-19 at "Cmdte. Manuel Fajardo Rivero" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital from Santa Clara between January and March 2021. Beck Depression Inventory and a questionnaire were used in a group of patients to assess the sleep quality and quantity before and after the intervention with medication; hypnosis was used in the other group. Descriptive statistics was also used. Results: the used therapy was effective in both groups, reduced levels of depression and eliminated sleep disturbances. Conclusions: both forms of treatment can be used to treat depression and sleep disorders. The suggestive method of awakening from hypnotic sleep to natural sleep was as effective as the psychoactive drugs used.

Efectividad de la hipnoterapia en escolares con trastornos de ansiedad fóbica / Effectiveness of hypnotherapy in school children with disorders of phobic anxiety: en

Introducción: La fobia es un trastorno de ansiedad caracterizado por temor o miedo intenso e irracional hacia algo. Presenta una tasa de incidencia anual de 8 % y la hipnosis es uno de los tratamientos más empleados en quienes la padecen. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del modelo hipnoterapéutico aplicado a pacientes en edad escolar con trastornos de ansiedad fóbica. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención hipnoterapéutica cuasiexperimental en los 30 pacientes con fobia escolar que acudieron a la consulta multidisciplinaria de hipnosis en la Clínica de Hipnosis Terapéutica de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre de 2016 hasta igual mes de 2018. A tal efecto, la intervención constó de 3 etapas y se aplicó la prueba de Mc-Nemar para dos muestras relacionadas, así como el estadígrafo de la Χ2. Resultados: En la serie predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino (53,3 %), principalmente entre 8 y 9 años de edad (37,5 %), así como las fobias específicas. Luego de aplicada la hipnosis, se obtuvo una respuesta psicológica favorable en todos los pacientes. Conclusiones: El modelo hipnoterapéutico aplicado resultó ser efectivo, pues se logró una evolución clínica favorable y una buena respuesta al tratamiento.

Introduction: Phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear or intense and irrational fear toward something. It presents an annual rate of incidence of 8 % and hypnosis is one of the most used treatments in those who suffer from this disorder. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hypnotherapeutic pattern applied to patients in school age with phobic anxiety disorders. Methods: A quasi-experiment hypnotherapeutic intervention was carried out in the 30 patients with school phobia that attended the hypnosis multidisciplinary service at the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic in Santiago de Cuba, from October, 2016 to the same month in 2018. To such an effect, the intervention consisted of 3 stages and the Mc-Nemar test was applied for 2 related samples, as well as the chi-square test. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the male sex patients (53.3 %), mainly between 8 and 9 years (37.5 %), as well as the specific phobias. After having applied the hypnosis, a favorable psychological response was obtained in all the patients. Conclusions: The hypnotherapeutic pattern applied was effective, because a favorable clinical course and a good treatment response were achieved.

Validación de un algoritmo hipnoterapéutico para niños con enuresis nocturna monosintomática / Validation of a hypnotherapeutic algorithm for children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis i: en

Introducción: La enuresis nocturna monosintomática es la micción involuntaria intermitente durante la noche. Esta se presenta en 15 % de los niños de 5 años, en 5 % de los de 10 años y 12 % de los adultos jóvenes sin defectos congénitos o adquiridos. Objetivo: Validar un algoritmo hipnoterapéutico diseñado para pacientes con enuresis nocturna. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio complejo en la Clínica de Hipnosis Terapéutica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba, de febrero del 2021 a julio del 2022, el cual estuvo estructurado en dos etapas metodológicas; en la primera se diseñó el algoritmo terapéutico y en la segunda se validó el contenido de este. A tal efecto, se aplicaron un cuestionario del tipo Likert, el índice de validez de contenido, el coeficiente de concordancia de Kendall, así como el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y el análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: La validación del contenido realizada por los expertos mostró una excelente consistencia interna, con un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,9221, que se interpreta como una altísima fiabilidad del instrumento. Asimismo, el índice de validez del contenido de los ítems fue superior a 0,89, lo que también denotó una validez elevada. Conclusiones: La validación del algoritmo hipnoterapéutico diseñado y sometido al criterio de expertos demostró ser adecuado, con elevada coherencia y concordancia evaluativas.

Introduction: Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is the involuntary urine loss during sleep which affects 15 % of 5-years-old children, 5 % of 10-years-olds and 12 % of young teens without congenital or acquired defects. Objective: To validate a hypnotherapeutic algorithm designed for patients with nocturnal enuresis. Methods: A complex study was carried out at the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic of the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, from February 2021 to July 2022. It was structured in two methodological stages; in the first one the therapeutic algorithm was designed and in the second one the content of this algorithm was validated. For this purpose, a Likert scale questions, the content validity index, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, as well as Cronbach's alpha and cluster analysis were applied. Results: The content validation executed by the experts showed excellent internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.9221, which meant a very high reliability of the instrument. Likewise, the content validity index of the items was higher than 0.89 that also indicated high validity. Conclusions: The validation of the hypnotherapeutic algorithm designed and subjected to experts' criteria proved to be adequate, with high evaluative coherence and concordance.

La hipnosis como alternativa terapéutica aplicada en la psoriasis

Introducción: La hipnosis es una técnica en que, aunque muchos pacientes y terapeutas tienen concepciones erróneas sobre la misma, los datos empíricos apoyan de manera consistente su eficacia como un procedimiento adjunto para controlar una amplia variedad de síntomas. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la hipnosis y su papel en el manejo terapéutico de la psoriasis. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en Internet, se utilizaron buscadores entre los cuales se encuentran Google Académico y otros específicos relacionados con la medicina como MEDLINE, LILACS y SciELO. Resultados: Existen estudios que informan que la hipnosis reduce el picor y las molestias de la psoriasis, y produce cambios estructurales y reducción de las lesiones de la piel. Conclusiones: La evidencia revisada indica que la hipnosis es usada como coadyuvante en planes terapéuticos para la Psoriasis. Ayuda a los pacientes a manejar y mejorar en una amplia variedad de alteraciones psicológicas y somáticas asociadas, favoreciendo de esta forma una mejora en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Introduction: Hypnosis is a technique in which, although many patients and therapists have misconceptions about it, empirical data consistently support its efficacy as an assisting procedure to control a wide variety of symptoms. Objective: To review hypnosis and its role in the therapeutic management of psoriasis. Methods: A systematic bibliographic review was carried out on the Internet, using search engines such as Google Scholar and other specific ones related to medicine such as MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO. Results: There are studies reporting that hypnosis reduces itching and discomfort of psoriasis, and produces structural changes and reduction of skin lesions. Conclusions: The evidence reviewed indicates that hypnosis is used as an adjuvant in therapeutic plans for Psoriasis. It helps patients to manage and improve a wide variety of associated psychological and somatic alterations, thus favoring an improvement in the quality of life of patients.

Effects of specific hypnotic suggestions on mechanical and thermal sensitivity of healthy volunteers: randomized and double-blind study / Efeito de sugestões hipnóticas específicas sobre a nocicepção mecânica e térmica em voluntários saudáveis: estudo randomizado e duplo-cego

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypnotic suggestions for hypoalgesia or analgesia are efficient for relieving different pain conditions, presenting few or no side effects. However, little is known about its direct effect on the modulation of peripheral nociception. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and thermal response after specific hypnotic suggestions in healthy volunteers. METHODS: This is a randomized double-blinded controlled trial that aimed to evaluate both mechanical and thermal nociception after specific hypnotic suggestions in healthy volunteers. For this, twenty-seven participants were enrolled, according to the following eligibility criteria: age between 18-65 years and absence of pain complaints or psychological disorders. After signed Free Informed Consent Term (FICT) the participants were divided by a computer-generated randomization in three groups: sham group (no induction of hypnosis), hypnosis-induced pain group and hypnosis-induced analgesia group. Susceptibility to hypnosis was assessed through the Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) scale of hypnotic susceptibility and outcomes included evaluation of questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Short Form Brief Pain Inventory) as well as the examination of mechanical and thermal nociception through the Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST), a tool widely used to investigate somatosensory sensitivity by assessing functions of small A-δ and C nerve sensory fibers, before and after specific hypnotic suggestion for pain and analgesia made by a qualified hypnotherapist. RESULTS: Data demonstrated that specific hypnotic suggestions induced significant changes in mechanical and thermal sensitivity. The pain group revealed an increase in mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, while the analgesia group increased pain thresholds to thermal stimulations, being conditioned to withstand temperature changes after hypnosis, demonstrating a modulatory effect for both pain and analgesia sensations in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: The evidence presented in this study supports the use of the hypnosis technique as an auxiliary tool in clinical practice. HIGHLIGHTS Specific hypnotic suggestions can modulate peripheral nociception in healthy subjects. Data show a modulatory effect for both pain and analgesia sensations. Hypnosis can be considered a feasible technique for the clinical pain management.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sugestões hipnóticas de hipoalgesia ou analgesia são eficientes para aliviar diferentes quadros álgicos, apresentando poucos ou nenhum efeito colateral. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito direto na modulação da nocicepção periférica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta mecânica e térmica após sugestões hipnóticas específicas em voluntários saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo randomizado e duplo-cego que visou avaliar a nocicepção mecânica e térmica após sugestões hipnóticas específicas em voluntários saudáveis. Para isso, vinte e sete participantes foram selecionados, de acordo com os seguintes critérios de elegibilidade: idade entre 18 e 65 anos e ausência de distúrbios psicológicos e de queixas de dor. Após a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), os participantes foram divididos por randomização gerada por computador em três grupos: grupo sham (sem indução de hipnose), grupo dor induzida por hipnose e grupo analgesia induzida por hipnose. A suscetibilidade à hipnose foi avaliada através da escala Waterloo-Stanford Group C (WSGC) de suscetibilidade hipnótica e os resultados incluíram a avaliação de questionários (Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão e Inventário Breve de Dor), bem como o exame de nocicepção mecânica e térmica através do Teste Sensorial Quantitativo (QST), uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para investigar a sensibilidade somatossensorial por meio da avaliação das funções das fibras sensoriais finas dos nervos A-δ e C, antes e após sugestão hipnótica específica para dor e analgesia aplicada por um hipnoterapeuta qualificado. RESULTADOS: Os dados mostraram que as sugestões hipnóticas específicas induziram mudanças significativas na sensibilidade mecânica e térmica dos indivíduos. O grupo dor revelou aumento da hiperalgesia mecânica e da alodinia, enquanto o grupo analgesia aumentou os limiares de dor por estímulos térmicos, sendo condicionado a suportar mudanças de temperatura após a hipnose, demonstrando efeito modulador tanto para as sensações de dor quanto de analgesia em voluntários saudáveis. CONCLUSÃO: As evidências apresentadas neste estudo sustentam o uso da técnica de hipnose como ferramenta auxiliar na prática clínica. DESTAQUES Sugestões hipnóticas específicas podem modular a nocicepção periférica em sujeitos saudáveis. Os dados mostram um efeito modulador tanto para as sensações de dor quanto de analgesia. A hipnose pode ser considerada uma técnica viável para o manejo clínico da dor.

Anestesia total intravenosa libre de opioides guiada por qCON y qNOX en paciente obesa / Total Intravenous anesthesia in patients with intestinal occlusive syndrome

Introducción: En los últimos años la anestesia libre de opioides ha constituido una alternativa más a las técnicas tradicionales de anestesia general. Con la exclusión de este grupo de fármacos se evitan los múltiples efectos adversos y complicaciones asociados al mismo. A pesar de que la anestesia libre de opioides tiene sus indicaciones y que ha demostrado sus beneficios en cierto grupo de pacientes, existen aún controversias en relación con su utilidad en el paciente obeso. Características como la obesidad hacen que los modelos multimodales empleados para programar la anestesia libre de opioides sean cada vez más complejos. Objetivos: Describir un caso clínico realizado con la técnica de anestesia libre de opioides que constituye la primera experiencia en Ecuador. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una paciente obesa intervenida de colecistectomía laparoscópica mediante infusión de propofol, ketamina, lidocaína, sulfato de magnesio, y dexmedetomidina. La titulación de estos fármacos se realizó mediante cálculo de concentraciones plasmáticas a través de modelos farmacocinéticos y guiada por monitorización de profundidad anestésica y analgésica, con lo cual se logró optimizar el consumo de fármacos, disminuir las complicaciones y una evolución clínica favorable. Hasta donde se conoce a nivel local y de país (Ecuador) es la primera experiencia que se reporta con esta técnica. Conclusiones: La anestesia libre de opioides puede resultar una elección en el paciente obeso ya que asegura una adecuada recuperación sin efectos adversos asociados(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, opioid-free anesthesia has become another alternative in front of traditional general anesthesia techniques. The exclusion of this group of drugs avoids the numerous adverse effects and complications associated with its usage. Although opioid-free anesthesia has its indications and has showed its benefits in a certain group of patients, there is still controversy regarding its usefulness in the obese patient. Characteristics such as obesity make the multimodal models used to program opioid-free anesthesia increasingly complex. Objectives: To describe a clinical case involving the opioid-free anesthesia technique, which is the first experience in Ecuador. Case presentation: The case is presented of a female obese patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by infusion of propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine. Titration of these drugs was carried out by calculating plasma concentrations through pharmacokinetic models and guided by monitoring of anesthetic and analgesic depth, thus optimizing drug consumption, reducing complications and achieving a favorable clinical evolution. As far as known locally and in the country (Ecuador), this is the first reported experience with this technique. Conclusions: Opioid-free anesthesia may be a choice in the obese patient, since it ensures adequate recovery without associated adverse effects(AU)

Effects of hypnotherapy on pain self efficacy and coping styles in female college students with primary dysmenorrhea / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the effect of hypnotherapy on improving pain degree,pain catastrophizing,pain self efficacy,coping styles of female college students with primary dysmenorrhea, and to provide the theoretical support for psychological intervention.@*Methods@#Fifty six female college students with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly divided into experimental group( n =28) and control group( n =28).Samples in the experimental group received 10 session structured hypnotherapy, while the control group received no intervention (the control group could receive the intervention when the intervention was proved to be effective) .The effects were evaluated with Numerical Rating Scale (NRS),Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS),Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire（PSEQ）,was proved to be effective .The effects were evaluated with Numerical Rating Scale (NRS),Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS),Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire（PSEQ）,Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire（SCSQ）in the pretest，protest and tracking test.@*Results@#The time effect，group effect and time group interaction on the NRS,PCS,PSEQ scores of the two groups of female college students were all statistically significant ( F =12.83，21.77，13.65； 22.96，28.98，24.84；25.35，18.26，27.02， P < 0.01 ).Immediately after the intervention and 3 months after the intervention，the scores of SCSQ positive coping dimension of the experimental group（1.43±0.35，1.50±0.39）were significantly higher than those of the control group（1.22±0.19，1.20±0.21），and the scores of SCSQ negative coping dimension of the experimental group（1.59±0.38，1.52±0.49）were significantly lower than those of the control group（1.80±0.17，1.80±0.20）, the differences were all statistically significant ( P <0.05);There were statistical differences among time effect，group effect and timegroup interaction on the positive coping and negative coping scores of SCSQ ( F = 15.14 ， 4.29 ， 14.37 ；7.66，4.10，6.95， P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Hypnotherapy intervention for female college students with primary dysmenorrhea can effectively alleviate pain degree，and improve the pain catastrophizing and coping styles,enhance their pain self efficacy. The hypnotherapy also shows long term effects.

Singularidade e falibilismo: um diálogo inicial entre Milton Erickson e Charles Peirce / Singularity and fallibilism: Milton Erickson and Charles Peirce in dialogue / Singularité et faillibilisme: Milton Erickson et Charles Peirce en dialogue / Singularidad y falibilismo: un diálogo entre Milton Erickson y Charles Peirce

Resumo Este trabalho busca desenvolver uma aproximação entre o pensamento de Milton Erickson (1901-1980) e Charles Peirce (1839-1914), focalizando as noções de singularidade e falibilismo, com o objetivo de demonstrar as semelhanças existentes, o papel que desempenham em suas obras, como se relacionam e as implicações teóricas que geram para a hipnose. Descreve-se brevemente como o contexto histórico de cada um influenciou suas concepções iniciais. Em seguida, discute-se o modo como o falibilismo presente na concepção de semiose considera a singularidade dos fenômenos existentes e viabiliza o sinequismo, bem como os processos de evolução constante por meio de mudança de hábitos. Este estudo desenvolve a observação de Erickson sobre o sujeito enquanto signo representante de experiências de vida e relaciona as implicações teóricas do conceito de mente como semiose em torno do processo constitutivo de fenômenos acessíveis em experiência de transe.

Abstract This paper attempts a theoretical rapprochement between Milton Erickson's (1901-1980) and Charles Peirce's (1839-1914) thought, focusing on the concepts of singularity and fallibilism to point out their similarities, the role they play on their works, how they relate to each other, and their theoretical implications regarding hypnosis. First, the text briefly describes both authors' historical background and its influence over their early conceptions. Then, it discusses how fallibilism, present in the concept of semiosis, considers the singularity of existing phenomena and enables synechism, as well as the processes of constant evolution through change of habits. This study develops Erickson's observation about the subject as a representative sign of life experiences and relates, initially, the theoretical implications of mind-as-semiosis concerning the constitutive process of phenomena accessible in trance experience.

Résumé Cet article tente un rapprochement entre la pensée de Milton Erickson (1901-1980) et celle de Charles Peirce (1839-1914), en se concentrant sur les concepts de singularité et de faillibilisme afin de mettre en évidence leurs similitudes, le rôle qu'ils jouent dans leurs œuvres, la façon dont ils se rapportent l'un à l'autre, et leurs implications théoriques concernant l'hypnose. Tout d'abord, le texte décrit brièvement le contexte historique des deux auteurs et son influence sur leurs premières conceptions. Ensuite, il aborde la manière dont le faillibilisme, présent dans le concept de sémiose, considère la singularité des phénomènes existants et permet le sinéquisme, ainsi que les processus d'évolution constante par le changement d'habitudes. Cette étude développe l'observation d'Erickson sur le sujet comme signe représentatif des expériences de vie et relate, dans un premier temps, les implications théoriques de l'esprit comme sémiose concernant le processus constitutif des phénomènes accessibles dans l'expérience de transe.

Resumen Este trabajo busca desarrollar una aproximación entre el pensamiento de Milton Erickson (1901-1980) y el de Charles Peirce (1839-1914) enfocándose en las nociones de singularidad y falibilismo para demostrar las similitudes existentes, el papel que juegan en sus trabajos, cómo se relacionan y las implicaciones teóricas que generan para la hipnosis. El artículo describe brevemente el contexto histórico de ambos autores y cómo esto influyó en sus concepciones iniciales. A seguir, se discute cómo el falibilismo presente en la concepción de la semiosis considera la singularidad de los fenómenos existentes y viabiliza el sinequismo, así como los procesos de evolución constante a través del cambio de hábitos. Este estudio desarrolla la observación de Erickson sobre el sujeto como signo representativo de las experiencias vitales y relaciona, inicialmente, las implicaciones teóricas del concepto de mente como semiosis en torno al proceso constitutivo de los fenómenos accesibles en la experiencia de trance.

Efficacy of hypnosis in the management of non-procedural pain: systematic review / Eficácia da hipnose no manejo da dor não procedimental: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain has great impact on public health and presents a social cost which transcends the financial aspect. Hypnosis is a focal, quick and low-cost resource with effective change possibilities in pain management. The objective of this study was to identify evidence of the efficiency of hypnosis in pain management. CONTENTS: This study consists of a systematic literature review held in February 2020. Search was carried out in the Pubmed, Cochrane, LILACS, Scielo and PsycInfo platforms, using the keywords "clinical trials", "hypnosis", "pain management", "pain intensity", and "quality of life", totalizing 18 studies after peer review. Most articles are randomized, controlled by comparing hypnosis to standard treatment or other integrative practices, and focus mainly on the aspects of intensity, quality and interference of pain as an outcome variable. Six studies mention quality of life and only two refer catastrophization as an important intervening variable. CONCLUSION: Hypnosis is an effective technique for pain management, considering that there was an improvement in pain management with the improvement of at least one aspect, be it intensity, interference or quality of pain. However, it's necessary to highlight important limitations of the studies, such as the small sample size and the complexity of systematizing subjective techniques, which highlights the need for more clinical trials, including multicentric studies, so that larger samples can be obtained.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor tem um amplo impacto na saúde pública, apresentando um custo social que extrapola o financeiro. A hipnose mostra-se como recurso focal, breve e de baixo custo, com possibilidades efetivas de mudança no manejo da dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia da hipnose no manejo da dor não procedimental. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura realizada em fevereiro de 2020. As buscas foram realizadas nas plataformas Pubmed, Cochrane, LILACS, Scielo e PsycInfo, utilizando-se os descritores "ensaio clínico", "hipnose", "manejo de dor", "intensidade de dor" e "qualidade de vida", totalizando 18 estudos após a avaliação de pares. A maioria dos estudos era randomizada, controlada por comparação da hipnose com tratamento padrão ou outra prática integrativa e centrava-se principalmente nos aspectos de intensidade, qualidade e interferência da dor como variável desfecho. Seis estudos fazem menção à qualidade de vida e apenas dois se referem à catastrofização como variável interveniente importante. CONCLUSÃO: A hipnose é uma técnica eficaz no manejo da dor, considerando que houve melhora no manejo da dor a partir da melhora em, pelo menos, um aspecto, seja intensidade, interferência ou qualidade da dor. No entanto, é preciso ressaltar importantes limitações dos estudos, como o tamanho reduzido das amostras e a complexidade de sistematização das técnicas subjetivas, o que evidencia a necessidade de mais ensaios clínicos, inclusive multicêntricos, de modo a garantir amostras maiores.

Efectividad de la hipnoterapia en pacientes deprimidos / Effectiveness of hypnotherapy in depressed patients

RESUMEN Introducción: la depresión es uno de los problemas de salud que más afecta a los seres humanos a nivel mundial. En Cuba, un elevado número de personas padece este flagelo, sin distinción de razas, sexos u otras categorías. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la hipnosis como modalidad terapéutica en pacientes deprimidos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio explicativo de tipo experimental de comparación de grupo pre-post prueba en 30 pacientes con trastornos depresivos; 15 de ellos se atendieron con hipnoterapia (grupo estudio) y otros 15 mediante terapia racional emotiva conductual (grupo control). Por la importancia para enriquecer la investigación, se definió como variable independiente el tratamiento empleado según el grupo, y como variables dependientes la respuesta psicológica antidepresiva y ansiolítica. Los datos se procesaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Se empleó la prueba de las probabilidades exactas de Fisher y la t de Student para validar la significación del cambio. Resultados: en términos de evolución clínica, la hipnoterapia fue efectiva, ya que el 93,3 % de los pacientes mejoraron significativamente en comparación con los resultados obtenidos con la terapia conductual racional emotiva, dados en un 73,33 %. Conclusión: la hipnoterapia es tan efectiva como la terapia racional emotiva conductual, y si bien no hubo diferencias significativas por los resultados del estadígrafo matemático empleado, sí las hubo desde el punto de vista práctico y clínico, pues evolucionaron más rápido los pacientes del grupo estudio que los del grupo control (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: depression is one of the health problems more affecting the human being around the world. A high number of persons suffers this scourge, without distinction of race, sex or any other category. Objective: to assess hypnosis effectiveness as a therapeutic modality in depressed patients. Materials and methods: an experimental-kind explanatory study was carried out comparing a group of 30 patients with depressive disorders before and after test; 15 of them were treated with hypnotherapy (study group) and 15 with rational emotive behavioral therapy (control group). For the importance of enriching the research the treatment used according to each group was defined as independent variable and the anxiolytic and anti-depressive psychological answer. Data were quantitative and qualitatively processed. Fisher's exact test and T student test were used to validate the change significance. Results: in terms of clinical evolution, hypnotherapy was effective, since 93.3% of patients significantly improved in comparison to the results achieved with the rational emotive behavioral therapy, reaching 73.33%. Conclusions: hypnotherapy is as effective as rational emotive behavioral therapy, and although there were not significant differences due to the results of the used mathematical statistic, there they were from the practical and clinical point of view, because the patients from the study group improved faster than the ones in the control group AU).

Avaliação do conhecimento dos estudantes de odontologia sobre a hipnose terapêutica / Evaluation of the knowledge of dentistry students about therapeutic hypnosis

A hipnose é conceituada como um estado modificado da consciência, mais próximo da vigília do que do sono. Configura-se como um ótimo método terapêutico auxiliar com diversos benefícios na odontologia, visto que é possível tratar o paciente no consultório empregando essa técnica junto ao tratamento em diversas especialidades odontológicas, além de que permite a dispensa do uso de medicamentos algumas vezes. Deste modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento dos estudantes de odontologia sobre a hipnose terapêutica em tratamentos odontológicos. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo de abordagem quantitativa realizado com alunos devidamente matriculados no 1º, 5º e 10º períodos dos cursos de Odontologia do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa - UNIPÊ, no Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, e no Curso de Odontologia da Faculdade Integrada de Patos - FIP. A amostra da pesquisa foi igual ao universo, sendo constituída de 257 estudantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, UNIPÊ e na FIP sendo utilizado um questionário contendo questões objetivas relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre hipnose e sua aplicação. Com isso, constatou-se que os estudantes eram em sua maioria do gênero feminino (70%) com idade entre 18 e 21 anos (45,1%), não possuíam graduação (76%), não tinham conhecimento sobre as técnicas de hipnose (59%) e nem conheciam a resolução das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (CFO nº82/2008). No entanto, a maioria dos entrevistados acreditava na técnica (75%), apresentavam vontade de fazer um curso sobre hipnose (77%) e acreditavam que o odontólogo possuía capacidade para realizar tal técnica (67%). Quando perguntados sobre as aplicações da hipnose na clínica odontológica houve o predomínio do controle de medo, trauma, ansiedade e tensão (17,9%). Em relação aos principais traumas no consultório observou-se que a maioria não tinha traumas (43,7%), seguido de barulho do motorzinho (12,1%). Concluiu-se que o fato de uma grande parcela dos estudantes de odontologia não possuir conhecimento acerca da hipnose, pode refletir na necessidade de inserção do conteúdo de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares nos cursos de graduação nessas instituições, além de que existem poucos estudos na literatura com essa temática ressaltando a importância do presente estudo... (AU)

Hypnosis is conceptualized as a modified state of consciousness, closer to waking than to sleep. It is configured as a great auxiliary therapeutic method with several benefits in dentistry, since it is possible to treat the patient in the office using this technique along with treatment in various dental specialties, in addition to allowing the dispensation of the use of medications sometimes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the knowledge of dentistry students about therapeutic hypnosis in dental treatments. It was an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach carried out with students duly enrolled in the 1st, 5th and 10th periods of Dentistry courses at Centro Universitário de João Pessoa - UNIPÊ, in the Dentistry Course at Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, and in the Dentistry Course at Faculdade Integrada de Patos - FIP. The research sample was the same as the universe, consisting of 257 students. Data collection was carried out at the Federal University of Paraíba, UNIPÊ and at FIP, using a questionnaire containing objective questions related to knowledge about hypnosis and its application. Thus, it was found that the students were mostly female (70%) aged between 18 and 21 years old (45.1%), had no graduation (76%), had no knowledge about hypnosis techniques (59%) and did not even know the resolution of Integrative and Complementary Practices (CFO nº82 / 2008). However, most of the interviewees believed in the technique (75%), they wanted to take a course on hypnosis (77%) and believed that the dentist had the capacity to perform this technique (67%). When asked about the applications of hypnosis in the dental clinic, there was a predominance of fear, trauma, anxiety and tension control (17.9%). Regarding the main traumas in the office, it was observed that the majority had no traumas (43.7%), followed by the noise of the small engine (12.1%). It was concluded that the fact that a large portion of dentistry students do not have knowledge about hypnosis, may reflect the need to insert the content of Integrative and Complementary Practices in undergraduate courses in these institutions, in addition to the fact that few studies were literature with this theme emphasizing the importance of the present study... (AU)

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and hypnosis on chronic low back pain / Efeito da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea e hipnose na dor lombar crônica

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Among the main non-pharmacological analgesic techniques are physical therapies such as electrotherapy and cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as hypnosis. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and hypnosis in the control of chronic low back pain. METHODS A crossover study that included 19 young adults of both genders with chronic low back pain who underwent TENS and hypnosis, and pain education as a control group. The quality of pain was assessed by the McGill's questionnaire; pain intensity and threshold were assessed by the visual analog scale. The intensity of spontaneous pain, the threshold and intensity of pain induced by cold and the pressure pain threshold before the interventions, immediately after the interventions and 30 minutes after the end of the interventions were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with Generalized Mixed Linear Models, with 5% significance, and Cohen's G effect sizes. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease in the intensity of spontaneous and cold induced pain in the hypnosis and TENS groups compared to the pain education group. There was a statistically significant reduction of pain in the sensory and evaluation categories in the intervention groups compared to the control group. There was no significant difference for the pressure pain threshold and latency time for cold induced pain. CONCLUSION Hypnosis and TENS decreased the intensity of chronic low back pain with no statistically significant difference between them, but statistically different from the pain education control group.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS Entre as principais técnicas analgésicas não farmacológicas estão as terapias físicas como a eletroterapia e técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais, como a hipnose. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito analgésico da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) e hipnose no controle da dor lombar crônica. MÉTODOS Estudo do tipo cruzado que incluiu 19 adultos jovens de ambos os sexos portadores de dor lombar crônica, submetidos a TENS, hipnose e educação em dor como grupo controle. A qualidade da dor foi avaliada pelo questionário de McGill, a intensidade e o limiar da dor pela escala analógica visual. Foi avaliada a intensidade da dor espontânea, o limiar e a intensidade de dor ao frio e o limiar da dor à pressão, imediatamente após as intervenções e 30 minutos depois do final das intervenções. A análise estatística foi realizada com modelos lineares generalizados mistos, com 5% de significância, e tamanhos de efeito G de Cohen. RESULTADOS Houve diminuição estatisticamente significativa da intensidade da dor espontânea e ao frio nos grupos hipnose e TENS comparados ao grupo de educação em dor. Ocorreu redução do quadro álgico estatisticamente significativo nas categorias sensorial e avaliativa nos grupos intervenção comparados ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença significativa para o limiar de dor à pressão e o tempo de latência para a dor ao frio. CONCLUSÃO A hipnose e a TENS diminuíram a intensidade da dor lombar crônica sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre si, porém estatisticamente diferentes em relação ao grupo controle.

Establishment of UPLC Fingerprint of Poria cocos Aqueous Extract and Study on Its Spectrum-effect Relationship with Sedative and Hypnotic Effect / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establis h the UPLC fingerprint of Poria co cos aqueous extract ，and to investigate its relationship with sedative and hypnotic effect. METHODS ：Ten batches of P. cocos from different areas were extracted with water to obtain the aqueous extract. UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters HSS-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile-methanol （gradient elution ） at the flow rate of 0.4-0.2 mL/min. The detection wavelengths were set at 210 and 242 nm. The column temperature was 40 ℃，and sample size was 2 μL. The fingerprints of 10 batches of P. cocos aqueous extracts were established by using the Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Fingerprint （2012A version），and the common peaks were identified. The sedative and hypnotic effects of 10 batches of P. cocos aqueous extracts from different areas under the synergistic action of pentobarbital sodium were investigated by taking the sleeping rate ，sleep latency and sleep duration of mice as the single efficacy index. After data transformation of single efficacy index and total efficacy （single indexes calculated by analytic hierarchy process ），grey correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the common peaks in fingerprint of P. cocos aqueous extract and the single efficacy index and total efficacy. RESULTS ：There were 24 common peaks in 10 batches of aqueous extract of P. cocos ， and 11 components were identified ， i.e. 16 α-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid （peak 6），16α-hydroxytrametendic acid （peak 7），poricoic acid B （peak 9），dehydrotumulosic acid（peak 10），poricoic acid A （peak 12），polyporenic acid C （peak 15），3-O-acetyl-16α-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid （peak 17），dehydropachymic acid （peak 20），pachymic acid （peak 21），dehydrotrametenolic acid （peak 22），dehydroeburicoic acid （peak 24）. Grey correlation analysis showed ，the correlation between 24 peaks and sleep duration was greater than 0.6（0.611 5- 0.811 8）；the correlation between 24 peaks and sleep latency was greater than 0.6（0.605 9-0.790 4），except for peaks 14，24 and 2；the correlation of 24 peaks between sleeping rate was greater than 0.6（0.606 4-0.721 6），except for peaks 23，19，17 and 5； the correlation of 24 peaks between total efficacy was greater than 0.6（0.619 0-0.781 2），except for peaks 2，5，19. The top 10 chromatographic peaks related to the total efficacy were peak 15（polyporenic acid C ），peak 16，peak 8，peak 11，peak 12 （poricoic acid A ）， peak 1， peak 7 （16 α-hydroxytrametendicacid）， peak 3， peak 9 （poricoic acid B ） and peak 20 （dehydropachymic acid ）. CONCLUSIONS ：UPLC fingerprint of P. cocos aqueous extract was established and 11 components were identified. Ten components such as polyporus acid C are closely related to the total efficacy of sedation and hypnosis ，which preliminarily reveal the material basis of the sedative and hypnotic effect of P. cocos .

Hipnose no controle do medo e da ansiedade em odontopediatria: revisão integrativa da literatura / Hypnosis in the control of pain and anxiety in pediatric dentistry: an integrative literature review

Objetivo: Analisar a literatura científica acerca da eficácia da hipnose como técnica de gestão comportamental para reduzir a dor e/ou a ansiedade no tratamento odontopediátrico. Metodologia: A partir da pergunta norteadora "Qual é a efetividade da hipnose no manejo comportamental de crianças durante o tratamento odontológico?", foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados BVS, Cochrane Library, Google Acadêmico e PubMed, seguindo uma estratégia de combinação das palavras-chave "Odontopediatria" (Pediatric Dentistry), "Hipnose em Odontologia" (Hypnosis, Dental) e "Ansiedade ao tratamento odontológico" (Dental Anxiety). Não houve restrição com relação ao ano de publicação, idioma ou local em que o estudo foi realizado. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada em três etapas: por meio do processo de leitura dos títulos e resumos, exclusão de artigos duplicados e obtenção e leitura dos artigos completos selecionados. Resultados: De um total de 40 artigos encontrados, quatro foram selecionados, sendo incluídos manualmente mais dois numa busca manual nas referências dos artigos identificados e optou-se por acrescentar duas pesquisas. Desta forma, as referências dos artigos selecionados tornaram-se fontes de identificação de novos artigos, após conferência da lista de referências dos artigos incluídos, totalizando seis artigos analisados. Essas pesquisas foram conduzidas em diversos países como México, Índia, França, Turquia e Estados Unidos. Trezentas e quarenta e uma crianças foram analisadas, com idade variando de quatro a 16 anos. A hipnose, na maioria das pesquisas, foi avaliada antes e durante o procedimento odontológico anestésico local. A frequência cardíaca e a saturação de oxigênio foram medidas utilizadas para avaliar a ansiedade dos pacientes e a resistência física, entre outras ferramentas, foi utilizada para avaliar a dor em três pesquisas. Conclusão: A hipnose diminuiu significativamente a frequência cardíaca, a resistência física (principalmente o choro), a ansiedade e a dor em procedimentos de injeção anestésica local, e aumentou significativamente a cooperação dos pacientes Odontopediátricos, no entanto são necessários mais estudos randomizados sobre esse tema, com padronização metodológica, considerando o alto risco de viés encontrado nas pesquisas.

Aim: To analyze the scientific literature about the effectiveness of hypnosis as a behavior-al management technique used to reduce pain and/or anxiety in the pediatric treatment. Methods: Based on the guiding question "What is the effectiveness of hypnosis in the man-agement of children's behavior during dental treatment?", a bibliographic search was car-ried out on the BVS, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases by com-bining the keywords "Pediatric Dentistry", "Hypnosis, Dental", and "Dental Anxiety". There was no restriction concerning year of publication, language, or place. The selection of studies was carried out in three stages: through the process of reading the titles and ab-stracts, by excluding duplicate articles, and obtaining and reading the selected full articles. Results: Out of 40 articles found, we selected four. Two articles were then included manu-ally, totaling six articles.The surveys were conducted in several countries, such as Mexico, India, France, Turkey, and the United States. Three hundred and forty-one children, aged from four to 16 years old, were analyzed. Hypnosis, in most studies, was assessed before and during the local anesthetic dental procedure. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were used to assess patients' anxiety, and physical resistance, among other tools, was used to as-sess pain in three studies. Conclusion: Hypnosis significantly reduced heart rate, physical resistance (mainly crying), anxiety, and pain in local anesthetic injection procedures. Also, it significantly increased the cooperation of pediatric patients; however, more randomized studies on this topic, with methodological standardization, are necessary considering the high risk of bias found in the studies.

Assessment of Hypnosis Knowledge Among Dentists: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the attitudes, experiences, training levels, and interest in future education regarding the use of hypnosis by dentists working in Dental Clinic of Monastir, Tunisia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 dentists working in Dental Clinic of Monastir in November 2019. Students, internship, residents, and professors were randomly selected. This was a survey with a structured questionnaire mailed to all dentists. The questionnaire was pre-fabricated, simple, and close-ended. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 202 dentists respond to this survey. 54% of the participants were interns with a female predominance (66.5%). Findings revealed that beliefs toward hypnosis in the sample were generally positive. Using a visual analogue scale, dentists reported having moderate acknowledge in hypnosis (3.4). 60% of the participants in our study consider that hypnosis is useful in dentistry and, more particularly, in pediatric dentistry. 78.2% of respondents want to follow training courses in hypnosis. Conclusion: Our survey highlights the weak knowledge of participants in hypnosis and reveals certain misconceptions about this procedure. More efforts are required to better educate dentists about hypnosis's benefits in their practice.

La anestesia hipnótica como único proceder para analgesia en exodoncia. Modelación estomatológica y neurofisiológica / Hypnotic anesthesia as theonly procedure for analgesia in exodontics. Stomatological and neurophysiological modeling / Anestésia hipnótica como o único procedê-lo para analgesia exodôntica. Modelagem estomatológica e neurológica

RESUMEN La hipnosis es una técnica valiosa para la intervención clínica y para el tratamiento de una amplia variedad de problemas psicológicos y médicos. A partir del insuficiente conocimiento teórico y práctico sobre la aplicación de la analgesia hipnótica exclusiva, sin anestésicos farmacológicos en exodoncia, se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, con el objetivo de modelar y validar una técnica desde la neurofisiología y la odontología. Se designó un grupo control que recibió anestesia farmacológica (lidocaína con epinefrina) para las exodoncias, y otro grupo estudio o experimental, que recibió anestesia hipnótica exclusivamente. Los pacientes se asignaron a cada grupo a partir del universo formado por aquellos que acudieron a la consulta de exodoncia electiva del Policlínico 3 René Vallejo Ortiz en el período comprendido desde septiembre del 2015 hasta septiembre del 2017. Para el caso del grupo experimental se tuvo en cuenta para la asignación que fueran hipertensos, o que presentaran contraindicación absoluta de la anestesia farmacológica por alergia o anafilaxia. Resultaron escogidas 11 extracciones en cada grupo. Se modeló especialmente la hipnosis neutra y la de utilización terapéutica, con control de marcadores neurofisiológicos y de la Odontología. Se utilizó la Prueba de los Signos para el análisis estadístico. Significativamente, en el grupo experimental se comprobó mediante dócima de hipótesis, menor percepción del dolor intraoperatorio y postoperatorio, así como menor sangrado y menores complicaciones, lo que permitió validar este proceder para pacientes que no pueden recibir anestesia química.

ABSTRACT Hypnosis is a valuable technique for clinical intervention, and for the treatment of a wide variety of psychological and medical problems. Based on insufficient theoretical and practical knowledge on the application of exclusive hypnotic analgesia, without pharmacological anesthetics in exodontics, a quasi-experimental study was carried out, with the aim of modeling and validating a technique from neurophysiology and dentistry. A control group that received pharmacological anesthesia (lidocaine with epinephrine) was designated for exodontics, and another study or experimental group, which received hypnotic anesthesia exclusively. Patients were assigned to each group from the universe formed by those who attended the Elective Exodontics consultation of Polyclinic 3 René Vallejo Ortiz in the period from September 2015 to September 2017. For the case of the experimental group it was considered for the assignment that were hypertensive, or that presented absolute contraindication of pharmacological anesthesia by allergy or anaphylaxis. 11 extractions were chosen in each group. Neutral hypnosis and therapeutic use were particularly modeled, with control of neurysiological markers and dentistry. The Sign Test was used for statistical analysis. Significantly, in the experimental group, less perception of intraoperative and postoperative pain, as well as less bleeding and minor complications, was found in the experimental group, allowing this procedure to be validated for patients who cannot receive chemical anesthesia.

RESUMO A hipnose é uma técnica valiosa para a intervenção clínica, e para o tratamento de uma grande variedade de problemas psicológicos e médicos. A partir de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos insuficientes sobre a aplicação de analgesia hipnótica exclusiva, sem anestésicos farmacológicos emexodontia, foi realizado umestudoquase experimental, como objetivo de modelar e validar uma técnica de neurofisiologia e odontologia. Um grupo controle que recebeu anestesia farmacológica (lidocaína com epinefrina) foi designado para exodontia, e outroestudoou grupo experimental, que recebeu anestesia hipnótica exclusivamente. Os pacientes foram designados para cada grupo do universo formado por aqueles que participaram da Consulta ExodôntiaEletiva da Policlínica 3 René Vallejo Ortiz no período de setembro de 2015 a setembro de 2017. Para o caso do grupo experimental foi considerada para a atribuição hipertensa, ou que apresentoucontraindicação absoluta de anestesia farmacológica por alergia ou anafilaxia. Foramescolhidas 11 extraçõesem cada grupo. A hipnose neutra e o uso terapêuticoforam particularmente modelados, com controle de marcadores neurológicos e odontologia. O Teste de Sinaisfoi utilizado para análiseestatística. Significativamente, no grupo experimental, foi encontrada menor percepção da dorintraoperatória e pós-operatória, bem como menos sangramento e complicações menores, permitindo que esseprocedimentofosse validado para pacientes que nãopodemreceber anestesia química.

Hipnose, iconicidade e dores crônicas: considerações clínicas / Hypnosis, iconicity and chronic pain: clinical considerations / Hypnosis, iconicity and chronic pain: clinical considerations

Este trabalho busca oferecer, por meio da noção semiótica de iconicidade, uma proposta explicativa para a compreensão das relações entre hipnose e dores crônicas. Considera a hipnose como um conjunto de processos que envolvem a comunicação e a experiência de transe. Utilizando-se de breve vinheta clínica, destaca a iconicidade na comunicação hipnótica como processo fundamentado principalmente na consideração quanto ao outro, na clínica do mostrar e na vivência do presente. Por outro lado, na experiência de transe, destaca a iconicidade presente nas relações com a autoimagem e o esquema corporal do sujeito, que consistem em complexos sistemas semióticos nos quais as dores crônicas se configuram. Na conclusão do artigo, destaca-se a proximidade entre iconicidade e alteridade, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao papel do pertencimento dos protagonistas da relação terapêutica na hipnose.

This work seeks to offer, by means of the semiotic concept of iconicity, an explanatory proposition in order to understand the relationship between hypnosis and chronic pain. It considers hypnosis as a set of processes involving communication and trance experience. Employing a brief clinical excerpt, it emphasizes iconicity in hypnotic communication, as a process based mainly on the consideration of the other, the clinic of showing and the experience of the present. On the other hand, regarding the trance experience, the work stresses the iconicity present in the relations with the self-image and the corporal scheme of the subject, consisting of complex semiotic systems in which the chronic pains are set. The conclusion highlights the proximity between iconicity and alterity, especially with respect to the role of the protagonists of the therapeutic relationship in hypnosis.

Este trabajo busca ofrecer, por medio de la noción semiótica de iconicidad, una propuesta explicativa para la comprensión de las relaciones entre hipnosis y dolores crónicos. Se considera la hipnosis como un conjunto de procesos que involucran la comunicación y la experiencia de trance. Utilizando una breve viñeta clínica, se destaca la iconicidad en la comunicación hipnótica como un proceso fundamentado principalmente en la consideración en cuanto al otro, en la clínica del mostrar y en la vivencia del presente. Por otro lado, en la experiencia de trance, se destaca la iconicidad presente en las relaciones con la autoimagen y el esquema corporal del sujeto, que consisten en complejos sistemas semióticos en los cuales los dolores crónicos se configuran. En la conclusión del artículo, se destaca la proximidad entre iconicidad y alteridad, sobre todo en lo que se refiere al papel de la pertenencia de los protagonistas de la relación terapéutica en la hipnosis.

Metaanálisis: efectos de técnicas de preparación mental basadas en imaginería - hipnosis sobre flow y rendimiento deportivo / Meta-analysis: effects of mental preparation techniques based on imagery - hypnosis on flow states and athletic performance

Resumen Metaanálisis: efectos de técnicas de preparación mental basadas en imaginería - hipnosis sobre flow y rendimiento deportivo. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-31. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la efectividad de técnicas psicológicas de preparación mental basadas en imaginería o hipnosis sobre el estado de flow, el rendimiento deportivo y su relación mediante la técnica meta analítica. Se realizó la revisión de literatura en diez bases de datos durante los meses de agosto a octubre de 2017, de los cuales se incluyeron 17 estudios relacionados con actividades deportivas y estudios que presentan mediciones pretest y postest. Se analizó un TE con diferencia de medias bajo modelo aleatorio. Se obtuvo un total de 53 tamaños de efecto (TE) para estado de flow y 62 tamaños de efecto (TE) para rendimiento. Se encontró un TE positivo para el estado de flow (TE= .782; n=52; .< .001) y para el rendimiento (TE= .339; n=60; .<.05). Se comprobó la relación positiva entre las dos variables (.= .312; .<.05); se establecieron las variables más relevantes que moderan el tamaño de efecto del estado de flow y el rendimiento: edad, años de experiencia deportiva, sexo. Se concluyó que la imaginería es la técnica psicológica más efectiva para incrementar el estado de flow y el rendimiento, se recomienda realizar investigaciones con diseño experimental puro y contemplar la medición multidimensional del estado de flow.

Abstract Meta-analysis: effects of mental preparation techniques based on imagery - hypnosis on flow states and athletic performance. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-14. The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of psychological mental preparation techniques based on imagery or hypnosis on the state of flow, sports performance, and their relationship using the meta-analytic technique. A literature review was conducted in ten databases from August to October 2017, which resulted in 17 studies related to sports activities with pretest-posttest measurements. The Effect Size (ES) of mean difference was analyzed using a random model. A total of 53 ESs and 62 ESs were obtained for flow states and performance, respectively. A positive ES was found for the flow state (ES = .782, n = 52, p <.001) and for performance (ES = .339; n = 60; p <.05), and a positive relationship was verified between the two variables (ρ = .312, p <.05). The most relevant variables that moderate the effect size of the flow state and performance are age, years of sports experience, and sex. It is concluded that imagery is the most effective psychological technique to increase the state of flow and performance. Further research with a pure experimental design considering the multi-dimensional measurement of the state of flow is recommended.

Research progress on sedative and hypnotic effect of Sini Powder and strategic analysis of its new drug development / 中草药

Sini Powder is the traditional Chinese medicine compound, which comes from Treatise on Febrile Diseases. It is used to treat the syndrome of yang depression and reversal cold of limbs. Sini Powder has a certain effect on treating insomnia caused by liver depression and spleen deficiency. Lots of researches have shown that Sini Powder has a sedative and hypnotic effect similar to diazepam and plays an important role in improving sleep disorders caused by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sini Powder is not included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition). It is probably to develop Sini Powder into a new drug for the clinic. We collated and summarized the literature about the sedative and hypnotic effect and the improvement of sleep disorders caused by PTSD of Sini Powder. Based on the modern research on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Sini Powder, we think the effect of "relieve uneasiness of mind and body tranquilization" adapts the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, so that it can improve the applied range of Sini Powder. Meanwhile, we analyzed the possibility of Sini Powder being selected into the ancient classical prescription and key problem in research and development on drug preparation of Sini Powder according to regulations of traditional Chinese medicine. Then we put forward some suggestions for further research from two aspects which are the development of Sini Powder and new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine, to provide a reference for the development of new Chinese medicine preparation of Sini Powder focus on "expelling pathogen and relieving depression, soothing liver and regulating spleen, tranquilizing mind".

Regulatory effect and mechanism of novel sedative hypnotic compound YZG-331 on glutamate and its receptor / 药学学报

This study investigated the effect of a novel adenosine derivative YZG-331 on the glutamate (Glu) content and its receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in mouse frontal cortex. All procedures in this research were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the Glu contents in the mouse frontal cortex tissue homogenate and extracellular fluid which were collected by brain microdialysis method. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation methods were used to detect the expressions of NMDAR in cell membranes and endosomes, as well as the expression levels of endocytosis-related proteins and their interaction. The results showed that there was no significant change in Glu content in the dialysates from mouse frontal cortex within 0-0.5 h period and 0.5-1 h period after intragastric administration of YZG-331 (40 mg·kg-1). Compare to the control group, the Glu content in mouse frontal cortex homogenates has no significant statistical differences after 15 minutes of administration of compound YZG-331. YZG-331 significantly decreased the expressions of NMDAR subunits NR1 and NR2B in the mouse frontal cortex cell membrane, meanwhile significantly increased the expressions of NR1 and NR2B proteins in the frontal cortex endosomes. It also increased the phosphorylation levels of NMDAR subunit NR2B in the frontal cortex. In addition, the result of co-immunoprecipitation which used NR2B as bait protein showed that the expression of postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95) in NR2B and PSD95 immunoprecipitation complexes in mouse frontal cortex tissues was significantly reduced. These results indicate that YZG-331 does not affect the Glu content in mouse frontal cortex, but it weakens the interaction between NR2B and PSD95 by increasing the phosphorylation level of NR2B in the mouse frontal cortex. Therefore, it reduces the membrane stability of NMDAR and promotes NMDAR's endocytosis, which leading to the decrease of excitotary transmission. It may be one of the mechanisms of YZG-331 to exert sedative and hypnotic effects.